Reading, Writing and Knowing in Early America and the Digital Age

Author: Dr. Shrout (Page 15 of 18)

How early America sounded


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By Dr. Shrout

The Boren and Roginska article raises an interesting historical question – how did colonial Philadelphia (and by extension, other colonial cities) sound? We are used to living in a world of amplified sound, but for people in colonial America – either participants in the Great Awakening listening to George Whitfield, or soldiers trying to hear the voice of their commanding officer over a crowd of rowdy Bostonians – the question of un-amplified (or, at least, un-electronically-amplified) sound transmission was crucial.

As Kurt points out, the Boren and Roginska article is multi-layered: it re-examines an experiment conducted by Benjamin Franklin, which in turn tested a claim made by George Whitfield about the range of his voice in public speeches. Kurt helpfully distinguishes between the kinds of experiential experiments that Franklin did, and the (more modern) math that Boren and Roginska employed. I’ll be interested to hear how other students felt about the utility of these experiments. What does knowing about the reach of public speeches in early America tell us about knowledge transmission? Would you feel confident performing similar analyses of other public events?

Finally, Kurt does a very good job of connecting this work on Franklin to our earlier articles, pointing out that while Franklin might not have been solely responsible for print culture in America, his role as an innovator was certainly important to the development of early American scientific, political and information culture. Reading this, it occurred to me that Franklin might make an interesting case study for a final paper for this class.

      

Franklin At His Finest


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By Kurt Vidmer

The Article “Analysis of noise sources in colonial Philadelphia” by Boren and Roginska gives a very intriguing insight into the a non direct interaction between two historical figures: Benjamin Franklin and George Whitefield.

The the article describes how “Whitefield could be heard by more than 30,000 listeners” (Boren and Roginska, 1) using nothing more than his natural voice. As the most significant and influential figure and preacher in the First Great Awakening, he was thought to posses somewhat of an “above human” presence, leading us to believe that this claim of his voice being able to reach 30,000 people to be somewhat of an embellished claim.

However, this article divulges into Benjamin Franklins experiment taken during a Whitefield speech in Franklin’s home city of Philadelphia. Franklin used basic geometry to attempt to form an educated estimate as to the potential number of people that Whitefield’s voice was capable of reaching, eventually reaching the conclusion that his voice was capable of reaching over 30,000 people in philadelphia.

The article breaks down his mathematical reasoning, and uses formulas and knowledge of the historical context of 18th century Philadelphia to either validate or refute his conclusion, I believe eventually coming to the conclusion that more first hand knowledge of different factors was needed to make a decisive conclusion.

Although I could not follow all of the mathematical reasonings behind the research, it was very interesting to analyze how Benjamin Franklin worked to research the capabilities of Whitefield’s voice. Having one of the most famous early Americans conduct an experiment on the most famous Great Awakening preacher gives us insight as to the communication networks of the 18th century, showing how notable people kept tabs on each other.

In my classmates blog, “To be Frank about Franklin”, it is argued that Franklin’s impact on literature may not be as been as crucial as it is made out, as she says, “it could be argued that such political unrest would have caused an increase in calls for public opinion literature, Franklin or no Franklin”. However, I would argue that this article is a prime example of Franklin’s impact beyond the printing press. His roll as an innovator, newspaper pioneer, and statesmen are only a few roles in which Benjamin Franklin greatly impacted the shaping of early day America.

      

Networking the Revolution


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By Dr. Shrout

In her post this week, Avery summarizes Emirbayer and Goodwin’s different approaches to social network theory, and then applies them to research she is doing with the Davidson MOOC (Massive Open Online Course) program. Avery rightly notes that there are some key assumptions that underlay network analysis – most notably that we can determine intention and agency from historical actors’ participation in social networks.

In his piece on social network analysis of the American Revolution, Healy applies the techniques outlined by Emirbayer and Goodwin to what we know of the American Revolution. I will be interested to hear in class whether you found Healy’s application satisfactory, and how you might apply his methodology to other historical questions.

      

Networks in Context


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By admin

Emirbayer and Goodwin’s 1994 survey of the state of social network analysis is thick. And long. Though critical, Emirbayer and Goodwin clearly approach network analysis with optimism; they label the increasing use of network analysis as the second transformative movement in sociological practice (1417). The authors pull out several of the assumptions underlying network analysis.

  1. Relationships influence behavior (1417). Later the authors expand on this notion when describing “structural equivalence” (1422), a theory which says that one’s place in the network is the best predictor of behavior.
  2. Social networks can be analyzed on multiple levels. One can look at an individual node (ego network) or look at the whole network.
  3. The structure of the network can explain group dynamics (1419). For example, more densely connected networks represent high social capital as many nodes have access to many different sources of information.

The authors then discuss what they see as three different approaches to network analysis: structural determinism, structural instrumentalism, and structural constructivism. Structural constructivism holds the highest rank for Emirbayer and Goodwin, because it best acknowledges the tension between individual agency and cultural context.

***

In another class, I am working on applying social network analysis to some MOOC forum data. For that class, I read about a study which analyzed interactions on Blackboard (similar to Moodle). The authors of the study argue that online student forums with many “bridges,” students who connect otherwise disconnected groups, showcase more creativity. Thus, educators should work to identify and support bridging individuals.

However, I question the universal applicability of the study. In other words, like Emirbayer and Goodwin I think we need to put social networks in context (1441). Emirbayer and Goodwin’s emphasis on both individual agency and cultural context are extremely relevant to this educational data.

Context: How students use networks will depend on what instructions they are given. Also, at schools like Davidson where small classes facilitate rich in-person discussion, students may not be as motivated to weigh in online (aside from teacher instruction). Thus, the network yielded from the forum data will not reflect much.

Individual response: The study’s findings pivot on the understanding that “agility” in the social network represents creativity. I have a hard time believing, though, that the same students who are bridges in the classroom are also bridges online. A person’s affinities don’t neatly track to whatever medium the researcher chooses to explore.

Moral of the story: Social network analysis is a powerful tool, but employing it requires the researcher to keep asking questions to more deeply understand both individual motivation and cultural context.

      

Nothing rhymes with Aidan Scrivens…


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By admin

For my final project, I’m currently toying with the following 3 ideas, but to anyone reading this, I warmly welcome any other correlated ones.

Firstly, I think it would be interesting to examine the recruitment/membership rates of certain political groups throughout this period of history and see when certain ideologies peaked in general interest, and to try and narrow down the cause of them.

Secondly, I think literacy and education standards across America at this time could be a great topic to investigate. I can’t help but imagine that the proportion of literate people to illiterate people in certain states would say something about their societies, and I think it would be interesting to look for trends in ideologies or ways of life in less literate/educated areas vs more literate/educated ones. I’m not too sure what trends I would like to look for, but I think looking into literacy could provide some interesting insight into why people felt a certain way, or more importantly whether or not information could reach largely illiterate areas.

And finally (and this, I admit, is a very broad one), but I am interested in looking into the impact of the railroad in terms of how it changed where the new hotbeds of communication arose. I am sure that areas with the most transport to one another became larger and more replete with educated and influential individuals, but I still think there is something fascinating to be learned in the evaluation of the places that were the hubs of American social and political discourse before and after the introduction of the Railroad and whether or not they remained the same, or whether or not some fell out of fashion and any new ones came into the fray.

      

A Family Affair


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By Sherwood

In my final project for HIS 245, I want to study a distant relative of mine, Thomas Howard Callaway. Callaway was president of the East Tennessee & Georgia railroad immediately following the Civil War, which the Union Army had captured and used to transport soldiers and supplies. In the aftermath of the war, Callaway wrangled with the U.S. Government over the return of his property and sought reparations for war damages. He also directed a merger with a northern neighbor, the East Tennessee & Virginia. The story of Callaway and the ET&G has the potential to reveal a lot about the significance of trains to early American communications.

I am interested in leveraging my web development skills to create a historical tool or experience. Specifically, I want to build an interactive web application that allows the user to explore these topics. Hopefully, my project can be a unique manifestation of the digital humanities, which themselves are growing and changing daily.

My first idea was a digital diorama— a static window displaying a hand-drawn scene featuring various objects, some static and others animated, with which users might interact and reveal relevant information. Maybe users could shuffle through the items on Callaway’s desk, or investigate the fixtures on a 19th century map? The digital diorama would allow me to employ both my historical and technological skills, and explore my interest in drawing and creative software like Photoshop.

Another idea I had was a digital timeline— a series of points associated with primary source documents illustrating the narrative of the ET&G litigation in chronological order.

One of the limitations of the web application as a medium is that the historical value would be largely experiential. Because limited written content is necessary, users are dependent upon the act of exploring to learn. This could make the site either really compelling, or not substantive at all. I am going to try to achieve the former.

      

3 Possible Research Topics


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By admin

I am very interested in food and the restaurant industry, and have a dream to someday own and operate my own restaurant or catering business. I would therefore like to research the history of the restaurant industry in Davidson, North Carolina. I would be investigating the history of establishments that thrived in Davidson, and investigating why those that left Davidson or failed met different fates. Included in this project might be a side-investigation of the history of Vail Commons, where I eat and am a paid employee.

If this doesn’t work because it is not closely enough tied to communication technology, I could also research the history of food laws in North Carolina.

Another possible topic of study is rather quirky (but that is what keeps me interested!) I was surprised the other day when my friend, who is an international student from China, remarked that, “nobody in China goes to the gym like people in America!” I was inspired by this comment to think about the history of the “work-out” and “bodybuilding” culture in America, and the spread of gyms. I would have to narrow this topic down and relate it somehow to communication. I could possibly study the advertisement campaigns that contribute to this focus on body image in our culture.

My third possible topic is the history of the post office at Davidson College. I could talk about its beginnings, i.e. where it was first located, and about its expansion as the college grew. I could also investigate whether or not the post office played a significant role in the college’s expansion.

      

Paper Proposal


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By Cordelia

Three topics I may decide to pursue further are as follows:

1. The history of the architecture surrounding us today at Davidson College, notably the history of Chambers and the namesakes of the dorms and other academic buildings. The Davidson College Archive will most likely be my primary source of information in this endeavor, but I’d like to explore not only the original architecture and floor plans, but how the buildings have changed over time in purpose and appearance.

2. The history of political representation of women in the United States as cross-referenced with the liberties provided to the gender by law. As in, how “equal” a woman is defined to be in comparison to a man will be taken into account when looking at the number of women in leadership positions in government. For example, in the 18th century, women were not given the right to vote, nor, in many instances, allowed to own property, and were thereby given no representation in political decisions.

3. The history of mass media bias in the United States, beginning with those in the antebellum period and tying in with the data found today, in an effort to determine whether the framing has changed to a large degree. This can also be an exploration in the public’s trust of mass media and how that has changed over time.

      

PA #1: Project topic brainstorm


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By Eleanor

I’m not sure what topic I want to research for my final project quite yet. I have some previous familiarity with the Text Encoding Initiative and the use of XML markup for digitizing manuscripts and I’m definitely interested in learning more about that process. It would be cool if the digital component of my final project could incorporate those techniques. I also like the idea of setting up a virtual museum of images and/or documents.

I find the printing press both as a physical object, as as a means of communication, to be particularly intriguing. I’d like to learn more about how people used and thought about the printing press in early America.

I think it’s really cool when you can engage with history by forming personal connections to it. I live in New Hampshire, I was born in central Virginia, I’m studying here at Davidson — researching the local history (and impact of communication technology thereupon) of any of those places in early America would be interesting. My dad’s side of the family lives in Wales, so studying something about how/where/why Welsh immigrants moving to America settled, formed communities, and communicated during the colonial era could also be neat.

We’ve talked quite a bit in class about how developments in communication technology allowed more people to join the “public sphere”. The woman’s commonplace book that we discussed in the first week was really interesting to me. I’d like to do more research about women’s voices in early America and how they made use of the new communication technology. What were women writing at the time? How were they doing it? Who was their audience? etc.

      

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